<text><span class="style10">toms and Subatomic Particles (2 of 5)</span><span class="style7">The Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885-1962) had suggested that electrons were allowed to move in circular orbits or </span><span class="style26">shells</span><span class="style7"> around the nucleus, but that only certain orbits were </span><span class="style26">allowable</span><span class="style7">. This theory was able to explain many of the features of the spectrum of light emitted by excited hydrogen atoms. The wavelengths of the spectral lines are related to the energy levels of the allowed orbits. The wave theory of the electron provided a reason for the allowed orbits. These would be those whose circumference was a multiple of the electron's wavelength. When Rutherford showed experimentally that an atom must consist of a small nucleus surrounded by electrons, there was a fundamental problem. To avoid collapsing into the nucleus, the electrons would have to move in orbits - as Bohr had proposed. This means that they must have continuous acceleration towards the nucleus. But, according to the electromagnetic theory, an accelerated charge must radiate energy, so no permanent orbit could exist. Bohr therefore argued that energy could not be lost continuously but only in quanta (discrete amounts) equivalent to the difference in energies between allowed orbits. Thus light would be emitted when an electron jumps from one allowed level to another of lower energy.</span></text>
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<text><span class="style10">. The Rutherford-Bohr model</span><span class="style7"> of atomic structure. The number of electrons orbiting the nucleus is equal to the number of positively charged protons within the nucleus. The number of electrons within each shell is also limited ΓÇö no more than 2 in the first shell, 8 in the second, 18 in the third, etc.</span></text>
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<text>ΓÇó QUANTUM THEORY AND RELATIVITYΓÇó ELECTROMAGNETISMΓÇó ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLEΓÇó CHEMICAL BONDSΓÇó NUCLEAR ARMAMENT AND DISARMAMENTΓÇó ENERGY 1</text>